Commonly used abbreviations and contractions
The abbreviations listed below are commonly used in bibliographies, reference lists, and notes. You may also come across some of these in your readings.
| & | and |
| abr. | abridged |
| anon. | anonymous |
| app. | appendix |
| art. | article |
| bk. | book |
| c. | approximately, about (Latin circa); e.g. c. 1888 |
| cf. | compare (Latin confer) |
| ch. / c. | chapter (c. for legislation) |
| col. | column (cols for columns) |
| comp. | compiler (comps for compliers) |
| div. | division |
| ed. | editor (eds for editors) |
| edn | edition (ends for editions) |
| e.g. | for example (Latin exempli gratia) |
| eq. | equation (eqs for equations) |
| esp. |
especially |
| et al. | and others (Latin et alii) |
| et seq. | and following (Latin et sequentes) |
| etc. | and so forth (Latin et cetera) |
| fig. | figure (figs for figures) |
| fn. | footnote (fnn for footnotes) |
| ibid. | in the same work (Latin ibidem) |
| id. | the same (Latin idem) |
| i.e. | that is (Latin id est) |
| ill. | illustrator (ills for illustrators) |
| inf. | below (Latin infra) |
| l. | line (ll. for lines) |
| loc. cit. | in the place cited (Latin loco citato) |
| ms | manuscript (Latin manuscriptum); (mss for manuscripts, Latin manuscripta) |
| n. | note (nn. for notes) |
| n.d. | no date |
| no. | number (nos for numbers) |
| n.p. | no place |
| op. cit. | in the work cited (Latin opere citato) |
| p. | page (pp. for pages) |
| par. / para. | paragraph (paras for paragraphs) |
| pass. | here and there, throughout (Latin passim) |
| pt | part (pts for parts) |
| q.v. | which see (Latin quod vide); [qq.v. for which (plural) see, Latin quae vide] |
| r. | regulation (rr. for regulations) |
| repr. | reprinted |
| rev. | revised / reviser |
| sec. / ss. / S. | section (s. and ss. for legislation) |
| ser. | series |
| sup. | above (Latin supra) |
| supp. | supplement |
| trans. | translator |
| v. | see (Latin vide) |
| viz. | namely (Latin videlicet) |
| vol. | volume (vols for volumes) |
Adapted from the following sources:
Faculty of Business 2006, Guide to writing assignments, University of Technology, Sydney.
Grambs, D 1985, Literary companion dictionary, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.
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